This report examines the legal and regulatory conditions shaping Fiji’s electricity sector and identifies gaps that are limiting the pace and scale of renewable energy deployment. It offers practical recommendations across short, medium, and long term aimed at strengthening the enabling environment, improving regulatory clarity, and creating conditions that attract greater private sector participation.
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Electricity rates in Maine are under pressure due to a combination of factors, including dependence on fossil fuels for electricity generation, growing storm-related costs, aging infrastructure, and inflationary pressures. The report finds that Maine can mitigate long-term cost and risk exposure by accelerating clean energy development, investing in load flexibility and energy efficiency, and strategically electrifying end uses that currently rely on fossil fuels.
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Brazil, Indonesia, and South Africa diverge in important ways: Brazil is a net crude oil exporter with a commodity-dependent growth model; Indonesia relies heavily on domestically produced coal but remains a major importer of oil products; and South Africa is a net importer of most fossil fuels and faces a protracted electricity crisis driven by the decline of its coal-based utility system. This briefing provides a snapshot of political economy insights relating to dynamics around energy security in Brazil, Indonesia, and South Africa.
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Global electricity demand is forecast to increase at a brisk average annual rate of 3.6% over the 2026-2030 forecast period, supported by rising consumption from industry, electric vehicles, air conditioning and data centres. Half of the world’s electricity is forecast to come from renewables and nuclear by 2030. Although coal generation is set to lose ground globally, it remains the single largest source of electricity in 2030. The Age of Electricity requires a fast and efficient expansion of grids and system flexibility.
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Climate progress in the United States has hit some roadblocks in 2025, to say the least. In its first year, the second Trump administration got straight to work torpedoing bedrock environmental protections to pad the profits of its allies in the fossil fuel industry. On top of abandoning national leadership on the matter, the administration also pulled the country out of international collaborations. So, after enduring a year of much bad news, it’s important to recharge by taking inspiration from the successes that climate activists did achieve.
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ASEAN countries have set bold renewable and net-zero targets not just to cut emissions but to strengthen energy and fiscal resilience. Implementation, however, remains uneven. This white paper by the World Economic Forum highlights that fragmented governance, high financing costs and divergent national priorities continue to slow progress, leaving a gap between regional ambition and tangible outcome. Closing this gap requires greater alignment, coordination and practical mechanisms for collective action.
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The Chile 2050 Energy Transition Roadmap provides an overview of the current energy landscape in Chile, including key trends in supply and demand, the energy mix, and the policy environment shaping energy development. It presents a detailed, sector-by-sector analysis of the energy transition roadmap, beginning with an assessment of total energy demand and covering end-use sectors – transport, industry and buildings – as well as the power sector and the role of fuels such as oil, gas, coal and bioenergy.
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Total primary energy consumption for energy uses fell by 3.6 per cent, with record low quarterly demand from nuclear generators the main driver for the fall in consumption. In the third quarter of 2025 dependency on fossil fuels was 72.6 per cent, up 0.5 percentage points on the same quarter of 2024. The low carbon share was 23.6 per cent in the third quarter of 2025, down 0.7 percentage points on the same quarter of 2024, due to the fall in nuclear output.
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In less than a decade, Bangladesh improved energy efficiency by 13.64%, an annual gain of 1.52%. In FY 2023-24 alone, fossil fuel consumption of 7 Mtoe was avoided, slashing import bills by USD3.3 billion. This sustained national effort created a framework for energy efficiency. However, after initial gains from FY 2016-17, progress slowed until FY 2020-21 when energy supply disruptions and higher tariffs made efficiency a priority. Bangladesh is on course to achieve its energy efficiency targets a year early. With households and industry consuming two-thirds of the country’s energy, these sectors should be the focus for greater energy efficiency gains.
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It’s easy to be discouraged by the negative news coming out of COP30 and the climate space writ large. But beneath the headlines, progress is happening. Clean energy and electrified transport are growing at rates that were unimaginable a decade ago. Countries investing in a green transition are reaping the benefits, from new jobs and growing economies to better energy access and cleaner air. Whatever the twists and turns of climate negotiations, the economic transition is underway. The question is, how fast it will be and who will benefit? Now is the time for all actors to pick up the pace and drive towards a just transition.
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The report aims to provide Colombian and international stakeholders with a clear outline of how Colombia can achieve net zero emissions, the role the energy sector can play, and the needed actions and investments. Colombia is the world’s tenth-largest coal producer, with reserves that could supply the country for more than 50 years. The total energy demand in Colombia almost doubled from 2000 to 2024. Modern bioenergy has played an increasing role in the mix. The country has strong potential from solar and wind, yet in 2024 these sources accounted for less than 1% of the energy supply.
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China, India, the EU and the US accounted for 63% of global electricity demand and 64% of CO2 emissions in the first half of 2025. Development in these countries therefore has a major influence on the global power sector. In H1-2025, fossil fuel generation and related emissions fell in China and India – a reversal of trends seen in the first half of 2024, as clean sources in both countries grew faster than electricity demand. Meanwhile, fossil generation and emissions rose in the US as clean generation did not keep pace with demand growth.
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Methane abatement is one of the most cost-effective, high-impact and underfinanced climate actions available today. Indonesia stands at the cusp of a taxonomy design upgrade that could unlock the resources to cap landfills, deploy biodigesters, and transform rice paddies, turning methane from a problem into an opportunity. By embedding robust and granular criteria for methane significant sectors, Indonesia can unlock capital and finance the “fast wins” on methane and chart a course for others to follow.
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For China, the clean electricity transition involves more than decarbonisation – it is a strategic pivot to reimagine development. As the fossil-fuelled growth model – once central to China’s economic rise – reaches its limits, the country is pioneering a pragmatic, phased path to “green growth,” where environmental and economic goals reinforce each other. This dynamic is creating self-sustaining momentum, towards China’s broader ambition to build an “ecological civilisation” – aligning long-term prosperity with sustainability.
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Iraq’s energy sector faces urgent challenges and also significant opportunities for renewable energy development. The country remains heavily reliant on fossil fuels. Its dependence on oil and gas, which represent over 98% of its energy mix, exposes it to volatile global oil markets, environmental degradation and increasing energy insecurity. Iraq is rich in solar and wind resources, but renewable energy has witnessed minimal development, and accounts for less than 2% of the total primary energy supply.
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As energy prices have declined, European countries have switched the focus of their windfall profits taxes-a one-time tax levied on a company or industry when economic conditions result in large, unexpected profit, from energy providers to the banking and financial sector. The European Commission recommended that Member States temporarily impose windfall profits taxes on all energy providers in its REPowerEU communication. In October 2022, the Council of the European Union agreed to impose an EU-wide windfall profits tax, or “solidarity contribution,” on fossil fuel companies, though with a different design than the Commission’s recommendations.
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Indonesia faces various security challenges due to climate change, from the direct threats of extreme weather hazards to the compounding strains on food and water security and overall domestic stability. At the same time, the country’s continued dependence on fossil fuels presents longer-term strategic security risks and immediate health and environmental security risks, while investments in renewables provide security benefits for the country.
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Electricity demand in China and India is expected to rise at a more moderate pace in 2025 than the rapid growth seen in 2024. The United States is seeing above-trend electricity demand growth in 2025, similar to 2024, whereas the European Union is still recovering at a modest pace following earlier steep declines. In the first half of 2025, while coal-fired generation declined year-on-year in China and India, it increased in the United States and the European Union. Wind and solar PV are expected to cover over 90% of the increase in global electricity demand in 2025.
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Mainland China and India continue to rely heavily on coal, with coal projected to make up 57% of their power generation in 2025, despite global shifts towards renewable energy. While coal contracts, renewables continue to expand. Mainland China produces approximately 80% of the world’s solar panels, with Tongwei Solar holding a 15% market share, underscoring China’s pivotal role in the global solar industry. Mainland China’s approach to carbon commitments and energy supply security will significantly impact global energy policies and climate goals.
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Indonesia’s new RUPTL 2025-2034 outlines a significant increase in power generation from coal and gas by 2034, up 40% from the 286 TWh realised in 2024. Compared to the targets in the previous RUPTL, fossil power generation is about 10% higher in 2030. On generation capacity, the new plan proposes to add 16.6 GW of new fossil power through 2034, signaling a continued reliance on fossil fuels. Meanwhile, renewables targets have been downgraded from RUPTL 2021-2030, from 20.9 GW in new clean power capacity additions by 2030 to 17.0 GW.
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