The report published by the World Bank highlights the pathways to intertwine energy and development imperatives in East Asia. It outlines pathways to decarbonize the power and industrial sectors—which together contribute 75–87 percent of emissions—through greater efficiency, electrification, renewable energy, and advanced technologies such as green hydrogen and carbon capture, utilization, and storage.
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Indonesia’s current transition from fossil-based energy to renewable sources requires strategic considerations of how its investment needs and impacts should be equitably distributed among all stakeholders. With an ambitious target to generate 61% renewable energy (RE) in the Electricity Supply Business Plan (RUPTL) 2025-2034 and President Prabowo’s bold remark on achieving 100% RE by 2035, a rigorous assessment of transition costs and benefits is instrumental.
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Grid-scale battery storage projects have rapidly expanded in recent years across the globe. This expansion is driven by the sharp decline in battery costs and the large-scale integration of VRE, which has significantly enhanced the competitiveness of grid-scale batteries as a means of providing system flexibility. With the increasing deployment of VRE, the structure of grid operation, transmission and distribution businesses, and thermal power generation businesses may experience structural transformations.
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Automakers are on track to meet the EU CO2 performance targets for new vehicles, relying mostly on electric cars as a compliance option. Among the major markets, EV uptake has been strong in Germany and France and has recently increased in Italy and Spain. Several smaller markets show particularly high EV market shares. Building up battery production and supply chains in Europe will require concerted efforts by governments and industry as well as market confidence.
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As more variable renewable energy enters India’s electricity grid, coinciding with sharp declines in battery costs, new business cases are emerging for BESS. One particularly promising opportunity is battery participation in India’s wholesale power and ancillary services market. Price volatility in the day-ahead market segment of the power exchanges is becoming the norm. Electricity prices are now regularly crashing during solar hours and surging during the evenings and nights.
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This report identifies the best pathways to eliminate industrial greenhouse gas emissions in three emerging economies in the region: China, Indonesia, and Viet Nam. It focuses on manufacturing activities (not mining, drilling, agriculture, or construction) and covers a range of industrial decarbonization technologies, including energy and material efficiency; electrification; carbon capture, use, and storage; green hydrogen; and clean chemical feedstocks.
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The Southeast Asia region, with its rapidly growing economies, increasing energy demands and grid constraints, is facing unique challenges in the energy transition. The combination of the shift to renewable energy and the lack of grid stability in several Southeast Asian nations indicates the need for storage technologies, a need which is starting to be recognised at governmental level.
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India’s energy transition investment trends showed a significant shift from renewables to e-mobility, with e-mobility investments rising from 6% in 2017 to 49% in 2024, energy storage investments rising from 1% to 9%, while energy efficiency investments fluctuated around 4%. Emerging technologies like the circular economy and low carbon fuels also received attention, though CCUS investments remain in early stages due to high costs.
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Indonesia faces various security challenges due to climate change, from the direct threats of extreme weather hazards to the compounding strains on food and water security and overall domestic stability. At the same time, the country’s continued dependence on fossil fuels presents longer-term strategic security risks and immediate health and environmental security risks, while investments in renewables provide security benefits for the country.
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This report highlights that India seeks to attain a 30% share of electric vehicles, in the total vehicles sold, by 2030. Sales of EVs in India went up from 50,000 in 2016 to 2.08 million in 2024 as against global EV sales having risen from 918,000 in 2016 to 18.78 million in 2024. Thus, India’s transition has been slow to start, but it is picking up. India’s EV penetration was only about one-fifth of the global penetration in 2020, but has picked up to over two-fifth of the global penetration in 2024.
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China’s success in renewables is complicated by its persistent reliance on coal in the power sector. This report examines the evolution of coal power in China, analyzing the policies and pricing mechanisms that shaped its development across different stages. Decoupling coal from power-demand growth and supply-security concerns is critical to decarbonizing China’s power sector. This report examines tailored strategies to achieve this decoupling, such as replacing coal as the dominating power generator by adding clean power generation, primarily from wind, solar, hydro, and nuclear, to outpace power-demand growth.
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By integrating energy system modelling, technology assessments, and policy recommendations, this report provides structured guidance to support Viet Nam’s transition to a carbon-neutral economy whilst sustaining economic growth and ensuring long-term energy security. It employs a comprehensive energy system modelling approach to evaluate Viet Nam’s pathways towards carbon neutrality. The analysis addresses regulatory frameworks, infrastructure readiness, public acceptance, and economic viability.
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India’s climate strategy embodies an ambitious vision that balances environmental stewardship with economic progress. Anchored by transformative policies and programmes, the country’s roadmap for renewable energy, biofuels, decarbonisation and sustainable infrastructure reflects its determination to address climate challenges at scale. This ambitious vision demands an infusion of US$1.5 trillion by 2030 across various areas. Targeted initiatives aim to democratise renewable energy access and foster growth.
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Indonesia’s new RUPTL 2025-2034 outlines a significant increase in power generation from coal and gas by 2034, up 40% from the 286 TWh realised in 2024. Compared to the targets in the previous RUPTL, fossil power generation is about 10% higher in 2030. On generation capacity, the new plan proposes to add 16.6 GW of new fossil power through 2034, signaling a continued reliance on fossil fuels. Meanwhile, renewables targets have been downgraded from RUPTL 2021-2030, from 20.9 GW in new clean power capacity additions by 2030 to 17.0 GW.
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Battery storage adoption is accelerating in Pakistan’s residential, commercial, and industrial sectors, driven by high electricity costs and declining solar component prices. Consumers are combining solar with Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) to reduce grid dependence, lower energy bills, and improve reliability. This trend is expected to continue as battery economics improve. Solar with BESS has a payback period of 3-5 years in Pakistan’s residential sector despite a 48% cost increase from surcharges and duties on lithium-ion batteries.
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Battery storage adoption is accelerating in Pakistan’s residential, commercial, and industrial sectors, driven by high electricity costs and declining solar component prices. Consumers are combining solar with Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) to reduce grid dependence, lower energy bills, and improve reliability. This trend is expected to continue as battery economics improve. Pakistan imported an estimated 1.25 gigawatt-hours (GWh) of BESS in 2024. Unmanaged BESS growth could destabilize Pakistan’s national grid by reducing demand and raising capacity payments.
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The ASEAN region stands at a critical juncture in its energy transition, facing rapidly growing energy demand and the pressing need to mitigate climate-change impacts. Hydrogen and ammonia present significant opportunities for AMS to decarbonise their economies, enhance energy security, and support the integration of renewable energy. This roadmap provides a structured approach for ASEAN to integrate hydrogen and ammonia into its energy system across three key phases: the short term (2025–2030), medium term (2031–2040), and long term (2041–2050).
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International investment in clean energy is gaining momentum in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Since 2020, the number of international investment projects in clean energy in the region has increased by 15% per year on average. Using data from WRI, OCI and Lowy, China leads public investment, investing over USD 2.7 billion in clean energy in key ASEAN markets of Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia and Vietnam between 2013 and 2023. Breaking it down by renewable technology, Japan is the region’s biggest investor in geothermal and solar.
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Bangladesh will require up to US$980 million annually until 2030 to meet the goal set out in the Renewable Energy Policy 2025. Post-2030, the country will need up to US$1.46 billion annually until 2040. Policy uncertainty, offtaker and currency risk, land acquisition challenges, and a downgraded sovereign rating may limit capital flows into the renewable energy sector in Bangladesh. A credit risk guarantee scheme, a dedicated green finance facility with scope for prefinance, and an import duty waiver on solar accessories can help accelerate the flow of finance for small-scale renewable energy projects. The country needs to create an enabling environment for investment in utility-scale projects through streamlined policy and regulations.
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This report by EMBER concludes that ASEAN’s data centre industry is expanding rapidly, driven by global digitalisation trends like cloud computing and generative AI. This growth, while critical for the region’s digital economy, is fuelling a sharp rise in electricity demand and greenhouse gas emissions due to heavy reliance on fossil fuel-based grids. This poses a significant threat to ASEAN’s energy transition agenda, risking setbacks of power sector decarbonisation. Governments should place the issue of sustainability, especially the energy transition, at the forefront of efforts to achieve a digital leap and transform national economies.
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