Total primary energy consumption for energy uses fell by 3.6 per cent, with record low quarterly demand from nuclear generators the main driver for the fall in consumption. In the third quarter of 2025 dependency on fossil fuels was 72.6 per cent, up 0.5 percentage points on the same quarter of 2024. The low carbon share was 23.6 per cent in the third quarter of 2025, down 0.7 percentage points on the same quarter of 2024, due to the fall in nuclear output.
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This report assesses the outlook for Ireland’s energy security to 2035, drawing on international experience and detailed power system modelling developed with EirGrid, Ireland’s transmission system operator. There is a clear need to establish a unified cross-sectoral energy strategy to set a vision that guides this transition, supported by a detailed security study on the electricity supply mix. Ireland can build on its progress in power system transformation to set an example of secure integration of large shares of variable renewable generation while safeguarding energy security.
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A highly integrated internal electricity market, facilitating the efficient exchange of electricity across borders, is crucial for the EU’s decarbonisation efforts and for guaranteeing the security of electricity supply. In a context of rapidly developing renewable technologies, the timely expansion of electricity transmission infrastructure, through both new build-out and non-wire alternatives, and the maximisation of cross-zonal trading possibilities across the EU are key to the completion of the internal market for electricity. This report presents a series of analyses exemplifying the importance of maximising cross-zonal trade for the well-functioning of the EU internal market for electricity.
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The European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity (ENTSO-E) released its latest report reviewing progress in capacity allocation and congestion management mechanisms between June 2024 and May 2025. The report details ongoing efforts to strengthen Europe’s interconnected electricity system, aiming to enhance efficiency, reliability, and market integration under the Capacity Allocation and Congestion Management and Forward Capacity Allocation Regulations. The report notes that the summer of 2024 saw relatively low electricity prices due to strong nuclear, hydro, and renewable generation.
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Czech Republic (Czechia) aims to phase out coal at an almost unprecedented pace. The transition from its fossil fuel legacy can be a springboard to building a vibrant clean energy economy. Updating Czechia’s suite of energy strategies is a pressing priority, as is ensuring their collective coherence. Scaling up renewables and enhancing system flexibility are critical to phasing out coal, meeting climate targets and ensuring energy security. Commendable reforms are now streamlining project approvals and enabling community investment schemes.
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EU has reduced its GHG emissions by more than one-third compared with 1990, while its economy has continued to grow substantially. Renewable energy now supplies a quarter of gross final energy consumption and almost half of electricity, while final energy demand has declined. These developments demonstrate that climate action is delivering and that structural change towards a clean transition is well underway. However, the reality is increasingly sobering as climate impacts intensify.
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According to Bulgaria’s latest update to its National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) submitted in 2025, under the WEM (With Existing Measures) scenario, Bulgaria’s net GHG emissions are projected to decline by 46% by 2030 compared to 2022, or 73% compared to 1988, reaching 26.19 MtCO2-eq. By 2050, emissions are projected to fall further to 17.73 MtCO2- eq, representing an 82% reduction from 1988 levels. Under the WAM scenario, net GHG emissions are projected to decrease by 82% by 2030 compared to 1988, achieving net zero by 2050.
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The report concludes that integrating RES into the electricity system is more important than ever to ensure the efficient attainment of decarbonisation targets while safeguarding the reliability of the European power grid. This requires flexibility, not only during a possible dunkelflaute but also when high RES generation potential meets low demand. In addition to the use of load-side flexibility and storage, RES must also contribute to system security in these situations.
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This briefing provides background on energy and climate provisions in the UKEU Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA), developments in UK-EU cooperation on energy and climate since the UK left the EU, and the main outcomes of the May 2025 UK-EU summit. Then covers energy and lays down requirements on competitive energy markets and arrangements for the trading of energy through gas and electricity interconnectors.
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Decarbonising heavy industry sectors, especially ammonia, aluminium, cement, and steel, is critical to meet the EU’s proposed 90% net Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions reduction target by 2040, and climate neutrality by 2050. It is also a strategic economic imperative, supplying critical inputs to downstream sectors. Reducing their exposure to volatile fossil fuel markets by accelerating their transition will be vital to safeguarding Europe’s industrial resilience, competitiveness and longterm prosperity
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Europe installed 6.8 GW of new wind power capacity in the first half of 2025. 5.3 GW of this was in the EU-27. 89% of the new capacity was onshore. Germany built the most wind energy in H1 2025 (2.2 GW), followed by Spain (889 MW) and the UK (760 MW). Europe now has 291 GW of wind power capacity. 254 GW of this is onshore and 37 GW offshore. The EU now has 236 GW of wind power capacity: 215 GW onshore and 21 GW offshore. Europe took €34bn worth of Final Investment Decisions in new wind farms in H1 2025.
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Europe is warming twice as fast as the global average, with extreme weather events driven by climate change impacting people′s lives across Europe today. This report provides a comprehensive picture of the environment, climate and sustainability available in Europe, building on data from across 38 countries. Overall, important progress is taking place within climate change mitigation, while there is mixed progress around reducing pollution and transitioning towards the circular economy.
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The European Commission’s newly proposed EU budget is about to step into a tense two-year negotiation process. Straddled with great expectations, the proposal is not much bigger than its predecessor and does little to close Europe’s investment gap. Yet, it also puts on the table a major architectural overhaul that delivers agility in exchange for giving EU capitals greater weight in EU spending. Within this restructuring, climate action retains a 35% foothold but faces a new set of challenges and opportunities as the budget and its stated objectives are set to undergo a lengthy debate.
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This report examines electricity generation trends in Central European countries (Czechia, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia) from 2019 to 2024, with insights from 2025. The report shows that solar generation in the region grew faster than the EU average, while coal power declined, though progress varied between countries. The report analyses the uptake of battery storage and other flexibility technologies until today, presenting successful examples from the region.
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The EU has initiated an economy-wide transition to climate neutrality by 2050. While many important on-the-ground developments have accelerated compared to last year’s assessment, the current pace of the transition is still not fast enough. Investments are lagging, underscoring the need for targeted policy adjustments to provide certainty for businesses and citizens alike. Speeding up the shift to a clean economy is also fundamental to Europe’s long-term competitiveness and security.
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This market spotlight focuses on the electric vehicle (EV) markets in Denmark, Sweden, and Finland, which rank among the leaders in Europe in terms of EV shares of new passenger car registrations. The spotlight highlights key trends in EV adoption and examines policy measures and market characteristics that are likely to shape EV uptake in these countries.
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Germany and the EU cannot shape their own decarbonisation and an effective response to climate change in isolation. Partnerships and international cooperation beyond the EU are essential to safeguard prosperity, competitiveness, and security. This briefing outlines strategic action the German government can take in its foreign relations to strengthen Europe and act effectively on a global scale.
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To advance the green transition, NSPA regions should further increase investments in renewable energy, promote circular economy practices, and foster innovation in green technologies. Additionally, cross-border collaboration among Nordic countries: Finland, Norway, and Sweden can create synergies, scale local solutions, and facilitate the spread of low-carbon practices across these countries and the European Union. The report concludes that unlocking the full potential of the NSPA requires a comprehensive and integrated approach that harnesses the region’s natural resources and technological innovation.
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In pursuit of aviation decarbonisation, both the European Union (EU) and the United Kingdom (UK) have adopted mandates on the use of so-called ‘sustainable aviation fuels’ (SAF): under ‘ReFuelEU Aviation’ and the ‘UK SAF Mandate’ respectively. These regulations set ambitious targets to be fulfilled by aviation fuel suppliers; but given the expected high cost of SAF and the immature state of the industry, it is far from certain that sufficient fuel production capacity will be developed in time to hit near-term targets. It is anyway likely that there will be political pressure to reduce long-term targets.
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Despite reduced carbon capture and storage (CCS) targets in the UK’s most recent Carbon Budget, the reliance on this unproven and expensive technology remains a high-risk strategy. Some £408 billion will be required by 2050 to install and operate CCS infrastructure in the UK. More than £50 billion of subsidies has been earmarked to support projects that together only account for 8% of the UK’s 2050 CCS target. About 75% of CCS subsidies will be paid by consumers through environmental levies. Low UK carbon prices mean there is little incentive for polluters to install CCS projects.
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